The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for most living things on Earth. Producers such as plants and photosynthetic bacteria and algae absorb light energy emitted by the Sun and convert it into chemical potential energy, usually in the form of glucose. Glucose can be used by plants for their own energy needs or passed on to consumers that eat the plants.

Photosynthesizers are not the only organisms that can manufacture chemical energy, but they are the most important. In the deep ocean where sunlight doesn’t penetrate, microbes derive energy from the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in the process of chemosynthesis. Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic species are known as producers (of energy) or autotrophs (literally meaning “self-feeding”).

The Basics of Photosynthesis

The overall process of photosynthesis can be described by a simple word equation:

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