With more than half the world’s population now living in cities—for the first time in mankind’s history—it is cities, not countries that will have to deal with population growth. Cities are often inadequately funded by the federal level and will have to develop their own fiscal measures and urban planning strategies.

The Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies (IHS) in the Netherlands celebrated its 50th anniversary in the fall of 2008 with a conference and series of meetings exploring the implications of this emerging paradigm. The big question posed by conference organizers was:

• How do you develop and run a city as an engine for environment-friendly, inclusive and sustainable growth?

Together with partners the International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam (IABR) and the Architecture Institute Rotterdam (AIR), conference organizers addressed sustainable development from financial, social and environmental perspectives.

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